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A heterokaryon is the melding of two or more cells into one and it may reproduce itself for several generations. [4] If two of the same type of cells fuse but their nuclei do not fuse, then the resulting cell is called a syncytium. [5] Heterotypic cell fusion occurs between cells of different types.
Sperm motility is dependent on several metabolic pathways and regulatory mechanisms. The axonemal bend movement is based on the active sliding of axonemal doublet microtubules by the molecular motor dynein, which is divided into an outer and an inner arm. Outer and inner arm plays different roles in the production and regulation of flagellar motility: the outer arm increase the bea
Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms.Tissue formation during embryonic development, wound healing and immune responses all require the orchestrated movement of cells in particular directions to specific locations.
The different stages of mitosis altogether define the mitotic phase (M phase) of a cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells genetically identical to each other. [3] The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next.
Marker-based and markerless pose estimation approaches have advantages and disadvantages, so the method that is best suited for collecting kinematic data may be largely dependent on the animal of study. Marker-based tracking methods tend to be more portable than markerless methods, which require precise camera calibration. [50]
In other species, there may be differences in coloration or other features, and may be so pronounced that the different sexes may be mistaken for two entirely different taxa. [84] Females are the larger sex in a majority of animals. [83] For instance, female southern black widow spiders are typically twice as long as the males. [86]
This represents the size of a composite genome based on data from multiple individuals but it is a good indication of the typical amount of DNA in a haploid set of chromosomes because the Y chromosome is quite small. [7] Most human cells are diploid so they contain twice as much DNA (~6.2 billion base pairs).
The effects of calcium on human cells are specific, meaning that different types of cells respond in different ways. However, in certain circumstances, its action may be more general. Ca 2+ ions are one of the most widespread second messengers used in signal transduction .