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The diameter of the holes varies between manufacturers, with typical values being 1 ⁄ 4 to 5 ⁄ 16 inch (6 to 8 mm). The 5 ⁄ 16 value is most commonly used, as it allows for looser tolerances in both ring binder and paper punching.
A 3/4 inch conduit size punch actually punches a hole that is approximately 1.1 inches diameter for 3/4 nominal size conduit. A dimensional size punch makes a hole very close to the indicated size. Punch sets are available on both imperial and metric sizes. Chassis punches are available in a number of shapes, round being the most common.
The 3:1 pitch hole pattern is most commonly used for binding small documents with double loop wire. Spines are available in sizes between 4.8 mm (3 ⁄ 16 in) and 14 mm (9 ⁄ 16 in) in diameter. The hole pattern can use either square or round holes.
To bind a document, the user first punches holes in the paper with a specialized hole punch. Pages must be punched a few at a time with most of these machines. If hard covers are desired, they must be punched as well. In bulk applications, a paper drilling machine may be used. Then the user chooses a spine size that will match the document.
The clearance is also dependent on the hardness of the workpiece. The punch press forces the punch through a workpiece, producing a hole that has a diameter equivalent to the punch, or slightly smaller after the punch is removed. All ductile materials stretch to some extent during punching which often causes the punch to stick in the workpiece.
A standard 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 by 11 inches (220 mm × 280 mm) sheet of paper has three holes with spacing of 4 + 1 ⁄ 4 inches (110 mm). There is a variant for half-letter size pages (8 + 1 ⁄ 2 by 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 inches or 220 mm × 140 mm), whose three rings are 2 + 3 ⁄ 4 inches (70 mm) apart. "Ledger" size binders hold 11-by-17-inch (28 by 43 cm ...