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(The last two requirements were already set out in the German Standard, issued in 1909). Clinkers make up more than 90% of the cement, along with a limited amount of calcium sulphate (CaSO 4, which controls the set time), and up to 5% minor constituents (fillers) as allowed by various standards. Clinkers are nodules (diameters, 0.2–1.0 inch ...
The addition of an accelerator speeds the setting time and thus cure time starts earlier. [1] This allows concrete to be placed in winter with reduced risk of frost damage. [2] Concrete is damaged if it does not reach a strength of 500 pounds per square inch (3.4 MPa) before freezing. [3]: 19
Concrete is an artificial composite material, comprising a matrix of cementitious binder (typically Portland cement paste or asphalt) and a dispersed phase or "filler" of aggregate (typically a rocky material, loose stones, and sand). The binder "glues" the filler together to form a synthetic conglomerate. [41]
Hydraulic cements (e.g., Portland cement) set and become adhesive through a chemical reaction between the dry ingredients and water. The chemical reaction results in mineral hydrates that are not very water-soluble. This allows setting in wet conditions or under water and further protects the hardened material from chemical attack.
Lime comes from Old English lim ('sticky substance, birdlime, mortar, cement, gluten'), and is related to Latin limus ('slime, mud, mire'), and linere ('to smear'). [7] Mortar is a mixture with cement and comes from Old French mortier ('builder's mortar, plaster; bowl for mixing') in the late 13th century and Latin mortarium ('mortar'). [7]
US patent 4,444,925 lists the components of Gyp-Crete as atmospheric calcined gypsum, sand, water, and small amounts of various additives.Additives listed include polyvinyl alcohol, an extender such as sodium citrate or fly ash, a surfactant such as Colloid defoamer 1513 DD made by Colloids, Inc., and a fluidizer based on sodium or potassium derivatives of naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde ...