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  2. Response bias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Response_bias

    This is one example of a type of survey that can be highly vulnerable to the effects of response bias. Response bias is a general term for a wide range of tendencies for participants to respond inaccurately or falsely to questions. These biases are prevalent in research involving participant self-report, such as structured interviews or surveys ...

  3. Recall bias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recall_bias

    Recall bias is of particular concern in retrospective studies that use a case-control design to investigate the etiology of a disease or psychiatric condition. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] For example, in studies of risk factors for breast cancer , women who have had the disease may search their memories more thoroughly than members of the unaffected ...

  4. List of cognitive biases - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases

    There are multiple other cognitive biases which involve or are types of confirmation bias: Backfire effect, a tendency to react to disconfirming evidence by strengthening one's previous beliefs. [32] Congruence bias, the tendency to test hypotheses exclusively through direct testing, instead of testing possible alternative hypotheses. [12]

  5. Social-desirability bias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social-desirability_bias

    In social science research social-desirability bias is a type of response bias that is the tendency of survey respondents to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others. [1] It can take the form of over-reporting "good behavior" or under-reporting "bad" or undesirable behavior.

  6. Bias (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias_(statistics)

    In educational measurement, bias is defined as "Systematic errors in test content, test administration, and/or scoring procedures that can cause some test takers to get either lower or higher scores than their true ability would merit." [16] The source of the bias is irrelevant to the trait the test is intended to measure.

  7. Black men were likely underdiagnosed with lung problems ...

    www.aol.com/news/racial-bias-testing-likely-led...

    Racial bias built into a common medical test for lung function is likely leading to fewer Black patients getting care for breathing problems, a study published Thursday suggests. As many as 40% ...

  8. Differential item functioning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_item_functioning

    Differential item functioning (DIF) is a statistical property of a test item that indicates how likely it is for individuals from distinct groups, possessing similar abilities, to respond differently to the item. It manifests when individuals from different groups, with comparable skill levels, do not have an equal likelihood of answering a ...

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