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Interleukin 9 (IL-9) [30] is a cytokine that supports IL-2 independent and IL-4 independent growth of helper T cells. Early studies had indicated that Interleukin 9 and 7 seem to be evolutionary related [ 31 ] and Pfam, InterPro and PROSITE entries exist for interleukin 7/interleukin 9 family.
The interleukin 4 (IL4, IL-4) is a cytokine that induces differentiation of naive helper T cells (T h 0 cells) to T h 2 cells. Upon activation by IL-4, T h 2 cells subsequently produce additional IL-4 in a positive feedback loop. IL-4 is produced primarily by mast cells, T h 2 cells, eosinophils and basophils. [4]
The Type 2 response promotes its own profile using two different cytokines. Interleukin 4 acts on helper T cells to promote the production of T h 2 cytokines (including itself; it is auto-regulatory), while interleukin 10 (IL-10) inhibits a variety of cytokines including interleukin 2 and IFNγ in helper T cells and IL-12 in dendritic cells and ...
[3] [4] They act through cell surface receptors and are especially important in the immune system; cytokines modulate the balance between humoral and cell-based immune responses, and they regulate the maturation, growth, and responsiveness of particular cell populations. Some cytokines enhance or inhibit the action of other cytokines in complex ...
Inflammatory cytokines play a role in initiating the inflammatory response and to regulate the host defence against pathogens mediating the innate immune response. [4] Some inflammatory cytokines have additional roles such as acting as growth factors. [5] Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α also trigger pathological pain ...
The interleukin 4 receptor is a type I cytokine receptor.It is a heterodimer, that is, composed of two subunits. IL4R is the human gene coding for IL-4Rα, the subunit which combines with either common gamma chain (γc, forming the type I IL4 receptor) or with IL-13Rα1 (forming the type II IL4 receptor).
These studies were followed by contributions of several investigators, who were primarily interested in the link between fever and infection/inflammation. [1] The basis for the term "interleukin" was to streamline the growing number of biological properties attributed to soluble factors from macrophages and lymphocytes. IL-1 was the name given ...
The production of type I IFN-α is inhibited by another cytokine known as Interleukin-10. Once released, type I interferons bind to the IFN-α/β receptor on target cells, which leads to expression of proteins that will prevent the virus from producing and replicating its RNA and DNA. [ 7 ]