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Ehrlichia chaffeensis is an obligate intracellular, [1] Gram-negative species of Rickettsiales bacteria. [2] It is a zoonotic pathogen transmitted to humans by the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum). [3] It is the causative agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis. [4]
Ehrlichiosis is a tick-borne [3] bacterial infection, [4] caused by bacteria of the family Anaplasmataceae, genera Ehrlichia and Anaplasma. These obligate intracellular bacteria infect and kill white blood cells. The average reported annual incidence is on the order of 2.3 cases per million people. [5]
Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection [1] is an infectious disease caused by an intracellular bacteria, Ehrlichia ewingii. [2] The infection is transmitted to humans by the tick, Amblyomma americanum . This tick can also transmit Ehrlichia chaffeensis , the bacteria that causes human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME).
Ehrlichia canis is a small, obligate-intracellular, tick-transmitted, Gram-negative α-proteobacterium. This species is responsible for the globally distributed canine monocytic ehrlichiosis . E. canis also shows evolution in its complex membrane structures and immune evasion strategies.
From blood samples, 16S rRNA genes were amplified using standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the genes were analyzed using gel electrophoresis and a GAP (Genetic Analysis Program) system. [4] This data was compared to all other Ehrlichia species, and Anderson et al. found that CGE is most closely related to E. chaffeensis and E. canis.
Clinically, HGA is essentially indistinguishable from human monocytic ehrlichiosis, the infection caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and other tick-borne illnesses such as Lyme disease may be suspected. [15] As Ehrlichia serologies can be negative in the acute period, PCR is very useful for diagnosis. [16]
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Anaplasma phagocytophilum (formerly Ehrlichia phagocytophilum) [2] is a Gram-negative bacterium that is unusual in its tropism to neutrophils. It causes anaplasmosis in sheep and cattle, also known as tick-borne fever and pasture fever , and also causes the zoonotic disease human granulocytic anaplasmosis .