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John Loudon McAdam, 1830, National Gallery, London. John Loudon McAdam (23 September 1756 [1] – 26 November 1836) was a Scottish civil engineer and road-builder. He invented a new process, "macadamisation", for building roads with a smooth hard surface, using controlled materials of mixed particle size and predetermined structure, that would be more durable and less muddy than soil-based tracks.
New macadam road construction at McRoberts, Kentucky: pouring tar. 1926 With the advent of motor vehicles , dust became a serious problem on macadam roads. The area of low air pressure created under fast-moving vehicles sucked dust from the road surface, creating dust clouds and a gradual unraveling of the road material. [ 18 ]
Tarmacadam is a concrete road surfacing material made by combining tar and macadam (crushed stone and sand), patented by Welsh inventor Edgar Purnell Hooley in 1902. It is a more durable and dust-free enhancement of simple compacted stone macadam surfaces invented by Scottish engineer John Loudon McAdam in the early 19th century.
Pitch is a viscoelastic polymer which can be natural or manufactured, derived from petroleum, coal tar, [1] or plants. Pitch produced from petroleum may be called bitumen or asphalt , while plant-derived pitch, a resin , is known as rosin in its solid form.
Coal gas was introduced to Great Britain in the 1790s as an illuminating gas by the Scottish inventor William Murdoch. [1] Early gasworks were usually located beside a river or canal so that coal could be brought in by barge. Transport was later shifted to railways and many gasworks had internal railway systems with their own locomotives.
Coal-mining was also one of the many dangerous jobs that employed child workers. Children were perfect for squeezing into tight spaces in mines that adults could never reach.
Miners struck a gushing spring of natural bitumen, a black treacle-like substance, when digging a canal tunnel for the Coalport Canal in 1787, [1] or else digging a level in search of coal. [2] [3] The plan, proposed by William Reynolds, was to connect the canal alongside the River Severn to the lower galleries of the mines below the Blists ...
Orangeburg pipe was made of wood pulp sealed with liquified coal tar pitch in inside diameters from 2 inches to 18 inches, with a perforated version for leach fields. . Joints were made of the same material, and, because of the residual stickiness of the coal tar, were sealed without adh