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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of progressive lung disease characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. [8] GOLD 2024 defined COPD as a heterogeneous lung condition characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms (dyspnea or shortness of breath, cough, sputum production or exacerbations) due to abnormalities of the airways (bronchitis ...
Many people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have a low partial pressure of oxygen in the blood and high partial pressure of carbon dioxide.Treatment with supplemental oxygen may improve their well-being; alternatively, in some this can lead to the adverse effect of elevating the carbon dioxide content in the blood (hypercapnia) to levels that may become toxic.
COPD is generally irreversible although lung function can partially recover if the patient stops smoking. Smoking cessation is an essential aspect of treatment. [9] Pulmonary rehabilitation programmes involve intensive exercise training combined with education and are effective in improving shortness of breath.
It educates the public, health care professionals, and decision-makers about COPD risk factors, symptoms, and management. [7] Improving Healthcare Standards: The initiative strives to improve healthcare standards for patients with COPD. By disseminating knowledge and promoting best practices, it contributes to better patient care and outcomes. [8]
The incidence varies depending on which definition is used, but definitions by Anthonisen et al. [23] the typical COPD patient averages two to three AECB episodes per year. [24] With a COPD prevalence of more than 12 million (possibly 24 million including undiagnosed ones) in the United States, [ 25 ] there are at least 30 million incidences of ...
In context of acute hypoxemia, oxygen therapy should be titrated to a target level based on pulse oximetry (94–96% in most patients, or 88–92% in people with COPD). [ 12 ] [ 8 ] This can be performed by increasing oxygen delivery, described as F I O 2 (fraction of inspired oxygen).
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