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[1] [2] For example, G major and G minor have the same tonic (G) but have different modes, so G minor is the parallel minor of G major. This relationship is different from that of relative keys, a pair of major and minor scales that share the same notes but start on different tonics (e.g., G major and E minor).
Starting from a major chord, for example G major (G–B–D), there are twelve potential goals using a common-tone modulation: G minor, G ♯ minor, B ♭ major, B major, B minor, C major, C minor, D minor, D major, E ♭ major, E major, E minor. [14] Thus common-tone modulations are convenient for modulation by diatonic or chromatic third.
In the minor mode, a common borrowed chord from the parallel major key is the Picardy third. In the major mode, the most common examples of borrowed chords are those involving the ♭, also known as the lowered sixth scale degree. These chords are shown below, in the key of C major. [8]
In the key of C major, these would be: D minor, E minor, F major, G major, A minor, and C minor. Despite being three sharps or flats away from the original key in the circle of fifths, parallel keys are also considered as closely related keys as the tonal center is the same, and this makes this key have an affinity with the original key.
Their parallel majors are E major and A major. The mediants of the parallel minor of C major (C minor) are E ♭ major and A ♭ major. Thus, by this conservative definition, C major has four chromatic mediants: E major, A major, E ♭ major, and A ♭ major. There is not complete agreement on the definition of chromatic mediant relationships.
In the example on the top right, we see a series of quartal chords in parallel motion, in which the intervallic relationship between each consecutive chord member, in this case a minor second, is consistent. Each note in the chord falls by one semitone in each step, from F, B ♭, and E ♭ in the first chord to D, G, and C in the last
A modulating sequence is a sequence that leads from one tonal center to the next, with each segment technically being in a different key in some sequences: [2] Mozart Minuet in F, K 5 Mozart Minuet in F K6. The above passage starts in F major and modulates to Bb major and then, via the chord of G, to C major.
The parallel chord (but not the counter parallel chord) of a major chord will always be the minor chord whose root is a minor third down from the major chord's root, inversely the parallel chord of a minor chord will be the major chord whose root is a minor third up from the root of the minor chord.