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The effect of a particular cytokine on a given cell depends on the cytokine, its extracellular abundance, the presence and abundance of the complementary receptor on the cell surface, and downstream signals activated by receptor binding; these last two factors can vary by cell type. Cytokines are characterized by considerable redundancy, in ...
Human retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells can also be engineered to express a cytokine of interest. RPE cells are ideal cytokine delivery systems because they are nontumorigenic, display contact inhibition, are amenable to genetic modification, have bene previously used in human trials for therapeutic delivery systems, and are safe to use. [3]
Cytokinesis (/ ˌ s aɪ t oʊ k ɪ ˈ n iː s ɪ s /) is the part of the cell division process and part of mitosis during which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell divides into two daughter cells. Cytoplasmic division begins during or after the late stages of nuclear division in mitosis and meiosis.
Interleukin 10 (IL-10), also known as human cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor (CSIF), is an anti-inflammatory cytokine. In humans, interleukin 10 is encoded by the IL10 gene. [ 5 ] IL-10 signals through a receptor complex consisting of two IL-10 receptor-1 and two IL-10 receptor-2 proteins. [ 6 ]
An inflammatory cytokine is a type of cytokine (a signaling molecule) that is secreted from immune cells and certain other cell types that promotes inflammation. Inflammatory cytokines are predominantly produced by T helper cells ( T h ) and macrophages and involved in the upregulation of inflammatory reactions. [ 1 ]
Oncostatin M, also known as OSM, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OSM gene. [5] OSM is a pleiotropic cytokine that belongs to the interleukin 6 group of cytokines. [6] Of these cytokines it most closely resembles leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in both structure and function. [6]
Chemokines (from Ancient Greek χῠμείᾱ (khumeíā) ' alchemy ' and κῑ́νησῐς (kī́nēsis) ' movement '), or chemotactic cytokines, are a family of small cytokines or signaling proteins secreted by cells that induce directional movement of leukocytes, as well as other cell types, including endothelial and epithelial cells.
Other properties attributed to the cytokine include: the growth promotion and cell differentiation of different types of target cells, influence on bone metabolism, cachexia, neural development, embryogenesis and inflammation. p53 regulated LIF has been shown to facilitate implantation in the mouse model and possibly in humans. [5]