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General anesthesia is usually considered safe; however, there are reported cases of patients with distortion of taste and/or smell due to local anesthetics, stroke, nerve damage, or as a side effect of general anesthesia. [46] [47] At the end of surgery, administration of anaesthetic agents is discontinued.
Epidural anesthesia does not typically affect muscle control. Because central neuraxial blockade causes arterial and venous vasodilation, a drop in blood pressure is common. This drop is largely dictated by the venous side of the circulatory system which holds 75% of the circulating blood volume.
This drop in blood pressure may activate a reflexive increase in heart rate, due to a baroreceptor-mediated feedback mechanism. Some anesthetics, however, disrupt this reflex. [3] [4] Patients under general anesthesia are at greater risk of developing hypothermia, as the aforementioned vasodilation increases the heat lost via peripheral blood flow.
Potential adverse effects on cardiovascular activities are listed below: [44] Increase in myocardial oxygen demand due to a rise in heart rate, blood pressure and cardiac output; Increase in pulmonary arterial pressure, which could be fatal in patients with ischemic heart disease, systemic or pulmonary hypertension
The Meyer-Overton correlation for anaesthetics. A nonspecific mechanism of general anaesthetic action was first proposed by Emil Harless and Ernst von Bibra in 1847. [9] They suggested that general anaesthetics may act by dissolving in the fatty fraction of brain cells and removing fatty constituents from them, thus changing activity of brain cells and inducing anaesthesia.
Arterial lines are most commonly used in intensive care medicine and anesthesia to monitor blood pressure directly and in real-time (rather than by intermittent and indirect measurement) and to obtain samples for arterial blood gas analysis.
Close monitoring by the anesthesia provider will sometimes be provided, to help keep the patient comfortable during a medical procedure, along with other drugs to help relax the body. It can also help control breathing, blood pressure, blood flow, and heart rate and rhythm, when needed. [1] There are four levels of sedation by anesthesia.
It is commonly used in major abdominal surgeries, such as bowel resections, liver surgery, and gastric bypass, where deep anesthesia and muscle relaxation are required. In cardiac surgery, balanced anesthesia facilitates precise control of heart rate and blood pressure, which is critical during these complex procedures.