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Figure 1.0 - Basic anatomical features of the human eye. Ophthalmic drug administration is the administration of a drug to the eyes, most typically as an eye drop formulation. Topical formulations are used to combat a multitude of diseased states of the eye. These states may include bacterial infections, eye injury, glaucoma, and dry eye. [1]
Using an eye crutch usually results in patients being unable to blink completely, which may lead to dry eyes. [7] A doctor may recommend eye drops for those with ptosis. [3] Sensitivity to metals are a concern as well; it is helpful if eye crutches are made with non-allergenic metals, such as titanium/nickel alloys. [5] Ptosis crutches should ...
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis 50-60% have ophthalmologic manifestations, which can be a presenting feature in a minority of patients. Orbital disease is the most common manifestation, and may result in proptosis , restrictive ophthalmopathy , chronic orbital pain, and in chronic cases, orbital retraction syndrome and intractable socket pain.
The latter will only qualify as a PRO, however, if the interviewer is gaining the patient's views and not using the responses to make a professional assessment or judgment of the impact of a treatment on the patient's condition. Thus, PROs are used as a means of gathering patient- rather than clinical- or other outcomes perspectives.
The patient is rated by a clinician on 17 to 29 items (depending on version) scored either on a 3-point or 5-point Likert-type scale. For the 17-item version, a score of 0–7 is considered to be normal while a score of 20 or higher (indicating at least moderate severity) is usually required for entry into a clinical trial. [ 11 ]
Moreover, Eye removal can have more broad psychological impacts including insecurity, rejection, and fear of social marginalization. Ocular prosthesis can aid in restoring aesthetics and promoting psychological well-being. Psychological support, alongside medical intervention, is essential for managing anxiety and depression in PES patients. [4]