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Hypoosmolar hyponatremia is a condition where hyponatremia is associated with a low plasma osmolality. [1] The term "hypotonic hyponatremia" is also sometimes used.[2]When the plasma osmolarity is low, the extracellular fluid volume status may be in one of three states: low volume, normal volume, or high volume.
The cat must have a supply of niacin, as cats cannot convert tryptophan into niacin. [5] However, diets high in corn and low in protein can result in skin lesions and scaly, dry, greasy skin with hair loss. [5] A deficiency of the B vitamin biotin causes hair loss around the eyes and face. [1]
Dermatophytosis as a cause of alopecia is common in cats, too, and in long-haired varieties, dermatophytic pseudomycetomas may be to blame. [7] Alopecia areata has been studied on mice in laboratories. [8] In horses, human contact with the horse and the rubbing of the saddle across the mane can cause patches of hair loss. [7]
A low serum osmolality will suppress the release of ADH, resulting in decreased water reabsorption and more concentrated plasma. Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion occurs when excessive release of antidiuretic hormone results in inappropriately elevated urine osmolality (>100 mOsmol/L) relative to the blood plasma, leading to hyponatraemia.
Similarly, it is said to be hypoossmolar if the osmolarity, or osmatic concentration, is too low. For example, if the osmolarity of parenteral nutrition is too high, it can cause severe tissue damage. [7] One example of a condition caused by hypoosmolarity is water intoxication. [8]
Osmoregulation is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's body fluids, detected by osmoreceptors, to maintain the homeostasis of the organism's water content; that is, it maintains the fluid balance and the concentration of electrolytes (salts in solution which in this case is represented by body fluid) to keep the body fluids from becoming too diluted or concentrated.
Diagnosis is based on clinical and laboratory findings of low serum osmolality and low serum sodium. [13] Urinalysis reveals a highly concentrated urine with a high fractional excretion of sodium (high sodium urine content compared to the serum sodium). [14] A suspected diagnosis is based on a serum sodium under 138.
Cats spend 5–25% of their waking hours grooming. [3] Grooming becomes excessive when it takes precedence over other activities or no longer seems functional. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Excessive grooming, which can lead to hair loss, skin wounds, and ulceration, can result from chronic stress or develop in cats who already exhibit nervous temperaments.