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CUBIC is a network congestion avoidance algorithm for TCP which can achieve high bandwidth connections over networks more quickly and reliably in the face of high latency than earlier algorithms. It helps optimize long fat networks. [1] [2] In 2006, the first CUBIC implementation was released in Linux kernel 2.6.13. [3]
To give a practical example, two nodes communicating over a geostationary satellite link with a round-trip delay time (or round-trip time, RTT) of 0.5 seconds and a bandwidth of 10 Gbit/s can have up to 0.5×10 Gbits, i.e., 5 Gbit of unacknowledged data in flight. Despite having much lower latencies than satellite links, even terrestrial fiber ...
TCP window scale option is needed for efficient transfer of data when the bandwidth-delay product (BDP) is greater than 64 KB [1].For instance, if a T1 transmission line of 1.5 Mbit/s was used over a satellite link with a 513 millisecond round-trip time (RTT), the bandwidth-delay product is ,, =, bits or about 96,187 bytes.
Binary Increase Congestion control (BIC) is a TCP implementation with an optimized CCA for high-speed networks with high latency, known as long fat networks (LFNs). [23] BIC is used by default in Linux kernels 2.6.8 through 2.6.18.
Applications that expect real-time responses and low latency can react poorly with Nagle's algorithm. Applications such as networked multiplayer video games or the movement of the mouse in a remotely controlled operating system, expect that actions are sent immediately, while the algorithm purposefully delays transmission, increasing bandwidth ...
Linux 2.4.4+ supports a TCP_QUICKACK socket option that disables delayed ACK. [2] For example, consider a situation where Bob is sending data to Carol. Bob's socket layer has less than a complete packet's worth of data remaining to send. Per Nagle's algorithm, it will not be sent until he receives an ACK for the data that has already been sent.
Most Linux systems use a unique Identifier for every ping process, and Sequence Number is an increasing number within that process. Windows uses a fixed Identifier, which varies between Windows versions, and a Sequence Number that is only reset at boot time. The Echo Reply is returned as:
Since the increase of the round trip time is caused by the buffer on the bottleneck, the maximum increase gives a rough estimation of its size in milliseconds. [ citation needed ] In the previous example, using an advanced traceroute tool instead of the simple pinging (for example, MTR ) will not only demonstrate the existence of a bloated ...