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A skybox is a method of creating backgrounds to make a video game level appear larger than it really is. [1] When a skybox is used, the level is enclosed in a cuboid.The sky, distant mountains, distant buildings, and other unreachable objects are projected onto the cube's faces (using a technique called cube mapping), thus creating the illusion of distant three-dimensional surroundings.
They are usually flat, without information about the light's direction, whilst some game engines use multiple lightmaps to provide approximate directional information to combine with normal-maps. Lightmaps may also store separate precalculated components of lighting information for semi-dynamic lighting with shaders, such as ambient-occlusion ...
Battlefield 3 is a 2011 first-person shooter video game developed by DICE and published by Electronic Arts for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.. In Battlefield 3 ' s campaign, players take on the personas of several military roles: a U.S. Marine, an F/A-18F Super Hornet weapon systems officer, an M1A2 Abrams tank operator, and a Spetsnaz GRU operative.
In the example to the right, a sphere is given a checkered texture in two ways. On the left, without UV mapping, the sphere is carved out of three-dimensional checkers tiling Euclidean space. With UV mapping, the checkers tile the two-dimensional UV space, and points on the sphere map to this space according to their latitude and longitude.
The map has been created as above, looking at the sphere along the z-axis. The texture coordinate of the center of the map is (0,0), and the sphere's image has radius 1. We are rendering an image in the same exact situation as the sphere, but the sphere has been replaced with a reflective object.
Light scattering by a coated sphere (extinction efficiency, scattering efficiency, light scattering intensity) 2009-2022 Scattnlay: O. Pena, U. Pal, K. Ladutenko [16] C++, Python, and JavaScript: GPLv3 Light scattering from a multilayered sphere based on the algorithm by W Yang. [17] Very robust and stable, slower than Toon and Ackerman.
A texture map (left). The corresponding normal map in tangent space (center). The normal map applied to a sphere in object space (right). Normal map reuse is made possible by encoding maps in tangent space. The tangent space is a vector space, which is tangent to the model's surface. The coordinate system varies smoothly (based on the ...
Such globes map the constellations on the outside of a sphere, resulting in a mirror image of the constellations as seen from Earth. The oldest surviving example of such an artifact is the globe of the Farnese Atlas sculpture, a 2nd-century copy of an older ( Hellenistic period , ca. 120 BCE) work.