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  2. Surface mining - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_mining

    The Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex, [1] an open-pit mine owned by Yara International, in Siilinjärvi, Finland Coal strip mine in Wyoming. Surface mining, including strip mining, open-pit mining and mountaintop removal mining, is a broad category of mining in which soil and rock overlying the mineral deposit (the overburden) are removed, in contrast to underground mining, in which the ...

  3. Coal mining - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mining

    A coal mine mantrip at Lackawanna Coal Mine in Scranton, Pennsylvania Coal miners exiting a winder cage at a mine near Richlands, Virginia in 1974 Surface coal mining in Wyoming, U.S. A coal mine in Frameries, Belgium. Coal mining is the process of extracting coal from the ground or from a mine.

  4. Mining - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining

    Techniques of surface mining include: open-pit mining, which is the recovery of materials from an open pit in the ground; quarrying, identical to open-pit mining except that it refers to sand, stone and clay; strip mining, which consists of stripping surface layers off to reveal ore underneath; and mountaintop removal, commonly associated with ...

  5. Open-pit mining - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-pit_mining

    Open-pit mining, also known as open-cast or open-cut mining and in larger contexts mega-mining, [1] is a surface mining technique that extracts rock or minerals from the earth. Open-pit mines are used when deposits of commercially useful ore or rocks are found near the surface where the overburden is relatively thin. In contrast, deeper mineral ...

  6. Mineral processing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_processing

    Mineral processing is the process of ... An aqueous solution as a dense medium is used in coal processing in the form of a belknap wash and suspensions in air are ...

  7. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_Mining_Control_and...

    The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA) is the primary federal law that regulates the environmental effects of coal mining in the United States. SMCRA created two programs: one for regulating active coal mines and a second for reclaiming abandoned mine lands.

  8. Mountaintop removal mining - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountaintop_removal_mining

    Mountaintop removal mining (MTR), also known as mountaintop mining (MTM), is a form of surface mining at the summit or summit ridge of a mountain. Coal seams are extracted from a mountain by removing the land, or overburden , above the seams.

  9. Acid mine drainage - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_mine_drainage

    Yellow boy in a stream receiving acid drainage from surface coal mining. Water temperatures as high as 47 °C (117 °F) [9] have been measured underground at the Iron Mountain Mine, and the pH can be as low as −3.6. [10] Organisms which cause acid mine drainage can thrive in waters with pH very close to zero.

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