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2. Surface mining - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_mining

   The Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex, [1] an open-pit mine owned by Yara International, in Siilinjärvi, Finland Coal strip mine in Wyoming. Surface mining, including strip mining, open-pit mining and mountaintop removal mining, is a broad category of mining in which soil and rock overlying the mineral deposit (the overburden) are removed, in contrast to underground mining, in which the ...

3. Coal analysis - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_analysis

   The rank of coal is correlated with its geologic history, as described in Hilt's law. In the ASTM system, any coal with more than 69% fixed carbon is classified by its content of carbon and volatiles. Coal with less than 69% fixed carbon is classified by its heating value. Volatiles and carbon are on a dry mineral free base; heating value is ...

4. Coal mining - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mining

   A coal mine mantrip at Lackawanna Coal Mine in Scranton, Pennsylvania Coal miners exiting a winder cage at a mine near Richlands, Virginia in 1974 Surface coal mining in Wyoming, U.S. A coal mine in Frameries, Belgium. Coal mining is the process of extracting coal from the ground or from a mine.

5. Mining - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining

   Techniques of surface mining include: open-pit mining, which is the recovery of materials from an open pit in the ground; quarrying, identical to open-pit mining except that it refers to sand, stone and clay; strip mining, which consists of stripping surface layers off to reveal ore underneath; and mountaintop removal, commonly associated with ...

6. Open-pit mining - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-pit_mining

   Open-pit mining, also known as open-cast or open-cut mining and in larger contexts mega-mining, [1] is a surface mining technique that extracts rock or minerals from the earth. Open-pit mines are used when deposits of commercially useful ore or rocks are found near the surface where the overburden is relatively thin. In contrast, deeper mineral ...

7. Underground mine ventilation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_mine_ventilation

   Flow-through ventilation is the main ventilation circuit for the mine. Air enters the mine from the surface via a shaft , ventilation raise or adit . The air is distributed through the mine via internal ventilation raises and ramps, and flows are controlled by regulators and permanently mounted ventilation fans.

8. Mineral processing - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_processing

   Mineral processing is the process of ... An aqueous solution as a dense medium is used in coal processing in the form of a belknap wash and suspensions in air are ...

9. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_Mining_Control_and...

   The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA) is the primary federal law that regulates the environmental effects of coal mining in the United States. SMCRA created two programs: one for regulating active coal mines and a second for reclaiming abandoned mine lands.