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Consider the model ^ = {} =. The Ramsey test then tests whether (), (), …, has any power in explaining y.This is executed by estimating the following linear regression = + ^ + + ^ +,
Data augmentation is a statistical technique which allows maximum likelihood estimation from incomplete data. [1] [2] Data augmentation has important applications in Bayesian analysis, [3] and the technique is widely used in machine learning to reduce overfitting when training machine learning models, [4] achieved by training models on several slightly-modified copies of existing data.