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Neanderthal 1, the type specimen, was known as the "Neanderthal cranium" or "Neanderthal skull" in anthropological literature, and the individual reconstructed on the basis of the skull was occasionally called "the Neanderthal man". [61]
The hyoid bone and larynx in a modern human. It is not known whether Neanderthals were anatomically capable of speech and whether they spoke. [9] The only bone in the vocal tract is the hyoid, but it is so fragile that no Neanderthal hyoid was found until 1983, when excavators discovered a well-preserved one on Neanderthal Kebara 2, Israel.
Neanderthals were extinct hominins who lived until about 40,000 years ago. They are the closest known relatives of anatomically modern humans. [1] Neanderthal skeletons were first discovered in the early 19th century; research on Neanderthals in the 19th and early 20th centuries argued for a perspective of them as "primitive" beings socially and cognitively inferior to modern humans.
The great number and, in some cases, exceptional state of preservation of Neanderthal fossils and cultural assemblages enables researchers to provide a detailed and accurate data on behaviour and culture. [36] [9] Neanderthals are associated with the Mousterian culture (Mode 3), stone tools that first appeared approximately 160,000 years ago ...
The Szeleta Culture is a transitional archaeological culture between the Middle Paleolithic and the Upper Palaeolithic, found in Austria, Moravia, northern Hungary, and southern Poland. [1] It is dated to 44,000 to 40,000 years ago, a period when both Neanderthals and modern humans were present in Europe.
Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician (LRJ) is a culture or technocomplex dating to the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic, about 45,000 years ago.It is characterised by leaf points made on long blades, which were traditionally thought to have been made by the last Neanderthals, although some researchers have suggested that it could be a culture of the first anatomically modern humans in Europe.
The most significant discovery made at Kebara Cave was Kebara 2 in 1982, the most complete postcranial Neanderthal skeleton found to date. Nicknamed "Moshe" and dating to circa 60,000 BP, the skeleton preserved a large part of one individual's torso (vertebral column, ribs and pelvis). The cranium and most of the lower limbs were missing.
In recent years a 25 meter tower has been built to take visitors from the floor of the quarried-out valley to the height of the original cave, and a reconstruction of the Neanderthal bones placed at the top. Reconstruction of the skeleton, now displayed at original site of the Feldhofer Grotte