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Many salts are halides; the hal-syllable in halide and halite reflects this correlation. [2] A halide ion is a halogen atom bearing a negative charge. The common halide anions are fluoride (F −), chloride (Cl −), bromide (Br −), and iodide (I −). Such ions are present in many ionic halide salts. Halide minerals contain halides. All ...
Acylium ions are common reactive intermediates, for example in the Friedel–Crafts acylation and many other organic reactions such as the Hayashi rearrangement. Salts containing acylium ions can be generated by removal of the halide from acyl halides: RC(O)Cl + SbCl 5 → [RCO] + [SbCl 6] −
Oxohalide anions such as [VOCl 4] 2− can be seen as acid-base complexes of the oxohalide (VOCl 2) with more halide ions acting as Lewis bases. Another example is VOCl 2 which forms the trigonal bipyramidal complex VOCl 2 (N(CH 3) 3) 2 with the base trimethylamine. [4]
Halide ligands may also be displaced by the alkali salt of an X-type ligand, such as a salen-type ligand. [10] This reaction is formally a transmetallation, and the abstraction of the halide is driven by the precipitation of the resultant alkali halide in an organic solvent. The alkali halides generally have very high lattice energies.
Alkyl halides differ greatly in the ease with which they undergo the Finkelstein reaction. The reaction works well for primary (except for neopentyl) halides, and exceptionally well for allyl, benzyl, and α-carbonyl halides. Secondary halides are far less reactive.
With halide ions there are examples of all of these geometries along with some anions with octahedrally coordinated indium and with bridging halogen atoms, In 2 X 3− 9 with three bridging halogen atoms and In 2 X − 7 with just one. Additionally there are examples of indium with square planar geometry in the InX 5 2− ion.
Typically, interhalogen bonds are more reactive than diatomic halogen bonds, because interhalogen bonds are weaker than diatomic halogen bonds, except for F 2. If interhalogens are exposed to water, they convert to halide and oxyhalide ions. With BrF 5, this reaction can be explosive.
The reaction involves a carbocation intermediate and is commonly seen in reactions of secondary or tertiary alkyl halides under strongly basic conditions or, under strongly acidic conditions, with secondary or tertiary alcohols. With primary and secondary alkyl halides, the alternative S N 2 reaction occurs.