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A 2016 study reported vaping increased aortic stiffness in people with no cardiovascular risk factors, an d that the increase was lower than smoking. [147] A 2017 review concluded that habitual vaping was associated with oxidative stress and a shift towards cardiac sympathetic activity, which are both associated with a risk of developing ...
A systematic review published in 1998 showed that home pregnancy test kits, when used by experienced technicians, are almost as accurate as professional laboratory testing (97.4%). When used by consumers, however, the accuracy fell to 75%: the review authors noted that many users misunderstood or failed to follow the instructions included in ...
Epinephrine stimulates the central nervous system and increases blood pressure, breathing, and heart rate. [ 30 ] As with most addictive substances, nicotine increases levels of a chemical messenger in the brain called dopamine, which affects parts of the brain that control reward (pleasure from natural behaviors such as eating). [ 30 ]
This activation results in an increase in heart rate and blood pressure, as well as enhanced myocardial contractility, which raises the workload on the heart. Additionally, nicotine causes systemic vasoconstriction , including constriction of coronary arteries, which can reduce blood flow to the heart.
Vaping-associated pulmonary injury (VAPI), [4] also known as vaping-associated lung injury (VALI) [1] or e-cigarette, or vaping, product use associated lung injury (E/VALI), [2] [a] is an umbrella term, [15] [16] used to describe lung diseases associated with the use of vaping products that can be severe and life-threatening. [3]
A NASA illustration of a lateral flow assay. A lateral flow test (LFT), [1] is an assay also known as a lateral flow immunochromatographic test (ICT), or rapid test.It is a simple device intended to detect the presence of a target substance in a liquid sample without the need for specialized and costly equipment.
A cardiac stress test is a cardiological examination that evaluates the cardiovascular system's response to external stress within a controlled clinical setting. This stress response can be induced through physical exercise (usually a treadmill) or intravenous pharmacological stimulation of heart rate.
Chronotropic effects (from chrono-, meaning time, and tropos, "a turn") are those that change the heart rate. Chronotropic drugs may change the heart rate and rhythm by affecting the electrical conduction system of the heart and the nerves that influence it , such as by changing the rhythm produced by the sinoatrial node .