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If the hydration energy is greater than the lattice energy, then the enthalpy of solution is negative (heat is released), otherwise it is positive (heat is absorbed). [3]The hydration energy should not be confused with solvation energy, which is the change in Gibb's free energy (not enthalpy) as solute in the gaseous state is dissolved. [4]
Hydration may refer to: Hydrate, a substance that contains water; Hydration enthalpy, energy released through hydrating a substance; Hydration reaction, a chemical addition reaction where a hydroxyl group and proton are added to a compound; Hydration shell, a type of solvation shell
Prime Hydration produces a variety of energy drinks, sports drinks and drink mixes containing varying levels of caffeine, electrolytes and added micronutrients. Prime Energy drinks have generated controversy due to their marketing campaign, which has been criticized for media hype associated with their high concentration of caffeine.
The company also introduced GHOST HYDRATION in January 2024, a bottled hydration product that marked its entry into the hydration beverage category. [5] The brand is known for its transparency in listing all active ingredients and nutrition facts on its products, a practice consistent with the company's commitment to full disclosure. [5] [18]
Hydration energy increases as size decreases. Crystal field splitting confers extra stability on the aqua ion. The maximum crystal field stabilization energy occurs at Ni 2+. The agreement of the hydration enthalpies with predictions provided one basis for the general acceptance of crystal field theory. [66]
In September 2022, Gatorade introduced Fast Twitch, its first caffeinated energy drink that had 200 milligrams of caffeine, electrolytes, vitamins B6 and B12 but contained no sugar or carbonation. The company said it was designed to be taken in before a regular beverage consumed for hydration.
The number of solvent molecules surrounding each unit of solute is called the hydration number of the solute. A classic example is when water molecules arrange around a metal ion. If the metal ion is a cation, the electronegative oxygen atom of the water molecule would be attracted electrostatically to the positive charge on the metal ion.
A functional beverage is a conventional liquid food marketed to highlight specific product ingredients or supposed health effects. [1] [2]Beverages marketed as "functional" include dairy drinks, sports and performance drinks, energy drinks, ready-to-drink teas, kombucha, "smart" drinks, fortified fruit drinks, plant milks, and enhanced water.