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Accepting natural language questions makes the system more user-friendly, but harder to implement, as there are a variety of question types and the system will have to identify the correct one in order to give a sensible answer. Assigning a question type to the question is a crucial task; the entire answer extraction process relies on finding ...
In the above example of the usage of exponential mechanism, one can output a synthetic dataset in a differentially private manner and can use the dataset to answer queries with good accuracy. Other private mechanisms, such as posterior sampling, [6] which returns parameters rather than datasets, can be made equivalent to the exponential one. [7]
An end-to-end open-domain question answering. This dataset includes 14,000 conversations with 81,000 question-answer pairs. Context, Question, Rewrite, Answer, Answer_URL, Conversation_no, Turn_no, Conversation_source Further details are provided in the project's GitHub repository and respective Hugging Face dataset card. Question Answering ...
A formal definition of ε-differential privacy. is a dataset without the privat The 2006 Cynthia Dwork, Frank McSherry, Kobbi Nissim, and Adam D. Smith article [3] introduced the concept of ε-differential privacy, a mathematical definition for the privacy loss associated with any data release drawn from a statistical database. [4]
A strong research design yields valid answers to research questions while weak designs yield unreliable, imprecise or irrelevant answers. [1] Incorporated in the design of a research study will depend on the standpoint of the researcher over their beliefs in the nature of knowledge (see epistemology) and reality (see ontology), often shaped by ...
The same question can be asked with three cards which are unmarked on one side, and bear a question on the other side. The cards are randomly mixed, and laid in front of the subject. The subject takes one card, turns it over, and answers the question on it truthfully with either "yes" or "no".
Tie-Yan Liu of Microsoft Research Asia has analyzed existing algorithms for learning to rank problems in his book Learning to Rank for Information Retrieval. [1] He categorized them into three groups by their input spaces, output spaces, hypothesis spaces (the core function of the model) and loss functions : the pointwise, pairwise, and ...
A research question is "a question that a research project sets out to answer". [1] Choosing a research question is an essential element of both quantitative and qualitative research . Investigation will require data collection and analysis, and the methodology for this will vary widely.