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The specific heat capacity of a substance, usually denoted by or , is the heat capacity of a sample of the substance, divided by the mass of the sample: [10] = =, where represents the amount of heat needed to uniformly raise the temperature of the sample by a small increment .
Table of specific heat capacities at 25 °C (298 K) unless otherwise noted. [citation needed] Notable minima and maxima are shown in maroon. Substance Phase Isobaric mass heat capacity c P J⋅g −1 ⋅K −1 Molar heat capacity, C P,m and C V,m J⋅mol −1 ⋅K −1 Isobaric volumetric heat capacity C P,v J⋅cm −3 ⋅K −1 Isochoric ...
The clear cut definition of light and heavy crude varies because the classification is based more on practical grounds than theoretical. The New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) defines light crude oil for domestic U.S. oil as having an API gravity between 37° API (840 kg/m 3) and 42° API (816 kg/m 3), while it defines light crude oil for non-U.S. oil as being between 32° API (865 kg/m 3 ...
Crude oil is classified as light, medium, or heavy according to its measured API gravity. Light crude oil has an API gravity higher than 31.1° (i.e., less than 870 kg/m 3) Medium oil has an API gravity between 22.3 and 31.1° (i.e., 870 to 920 kg/m 3) Heavy crude oil has an API gravity below 22.3° (i.e., 920 to 1000 kg/m 3)
The volumetric heat capacity can also be expressed as the specific heat capacity (heat capacity per unit of mass, in J⋅K −1 ⋅kg −1) times the density of the substance (in kg/L, or g/mL). [1] It is defined to serve as an intensive property.
The corresponding expression for the ratio of specific heat capacities remains the same since the thermodynamic system size-dependent quantities, whether on a per mass or per mole basis, cancel out in the ratio because specific heat capacities are intensive properties. Thus:
For a single component system, the "standard" three parameters are the isothermal compressibility , the specific heat at constant pressure , and the coefficient of thermal expansion . For example, the following equations are true:
List of orders of magnitude for specific heat capacity; ... Oil: 2060 Ice (0 °C) 2100 Coconut oil: 3582 Lithium: 4186 Water: 4219 Heavy water: 4700 Ammonia (liquid) 5193