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Follicular helper T cells (also known as T follicular helper cells and abbreviated as T FH), are antigen-experienced CD4 + T cells found in the periphery within B cell follicles of secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes, spleen and Peyer's patches, and are identified by their constitutive expression of the B cell follicle homing receptor CXCR5. [1]
The T helper cells (T h cells), also known as CD4 + cells or CD4-positive cells, are a type of T cell that play an important role in the adaptive immune system. They aid the activity of other immune cells by releasing cytokines .
Only the T FH cells are malignant. The latter cells represent 5–30% of all cells in the disease's lesions, express T FH cell marker proteins (e.g. CD3, CD4, CD10, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), and also express the B lymphocyte chemoattractant, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 13 (i.e. CXCL13). [66] Virtually all cases exhibit a ...
Bcl-6 is a master transcription factor for the regulation of T follicular helper cells (T FH cells). Bcl-6 is expressed when the cytokines Il-6 and/or Il-21 are recognized; these cytokines can be produced by antigen presenting cells (APCs: B cells, dendritic cells, or macrophages) when activated.
B cells can present antigens to a specialized group of helper T cells called T FH cells. If an activated T FH cell recognizes the peptide presented by the B cell, the CD40L on the T cell binds to the B cell's CD40, causing B cell activation. [16] The T cell also produces IL-4, which directly influences B cells.
In immunology, affinity maturation is the process by which T FH cell-activated B cells produce antibodies with increased affinity for antigen during the course of an immune response. With repeated exposures to the same antigen, a host will produce antibodies of successively greater affinities.
Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are another distinct population of effector CD4 + T cells that develop from naive T cells post-antigen activation. Tfh cells are specialized in helping B cell humoral immunity as they are uniquely capable of migrating to follicular B cells in secondary lymphoid organs and provide them positive paracrine signals ...
T helper 17 cells (T h 17) are a subset of pro-inflammatory T helper cells defined by their production of interleukin 17 (IL-17). They are related to T regulatory cells and the signals that cause T h 17s to actually inhibit T reg differentiation. [1]