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The gravitational force that a celestial body exerts on a space vehicle is modeled with the body and vehicle taken as point masses; the bodies (Earth, Moon, etc.) are simplified as spheres; and the mass of the vehicle is much smaller than the mass of the body so that its effect on the gravitational acceleration can be neglected.
The Apollo Lunar Module (LM / ˈ l ɛ m /), originally designated the Lunar Excursion Module (LEM), was the lunar lander spacecraft that was flown between lunar orbit and the Moon's surface during the United States' Apollo program. It was the first crewed spacecraft to operate exclusively in the airless vacuum of space, and remains the only ...
On January 25, 1994, Clementine was launched from Space Launch Complex 4 West at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, using a Titan II launch vehicle. The mission had two phases. After two Earth flybys, lunar insertion was achieved approximately one month after launch. Lunar mapping took place over approximately two months, in two parts.
The Space Force has no command echelon equivalent of the U.S. Air Force′s numbered air forces, [25] so the next command echelon below field commands is the delta, a single level of command which combines the wing and group command echelons found in the U.S. Air Force. [25]
Apollo Apollo Lunar Module-5 Eagle as seen from CSM-107 Columbia. A lunar lander or Moon lander is a spacecraft designed to land on the surface of the Moon.As of 2024, the Apollo Lunar Module is the only lunar lander to have ever been used in human spaceflight, completing six lunar landings from 1969 to 1972 during the United States' Apollo Program.
A laser retroreflector array (LRA) by the Goddard Space Flight Center for taking precise measurements of distance between the reflector on the lunar surface and satellites in lunar orbit. [ 101 ] [ 102 ] [ 119 ] [ 120 ] The microreflector weighed about 22 g (0.78 oz) and cannot be used for taking observations from Earth-based lunar laser stations.
A commercial lunar lander will soon be heading to the moon with a fleet of scientific instruments on board for a $93.3 million NASA mission to study the moon's environment before humans return.
Schematic illustration of the internal structure of the Moon. Several lines of evidence imply that the lunar core is small, with a radius of about 350 km or less. [5] The diameter of the lunar core is only about 20% the diameter of the Moon itself, in contrast to about 50% as is the case for most other terrestrial bodies.