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Beginning of humoral theory of immunity. (Emil von Behring) and (Kitasato ShibasaburÅ) 1891 – Demonstration of cutaneous (delayed type) hypersensitivity (Robert Koch) 1893 – Use of live bacteria and bacterial lysates to treat tumors – "Coley's Toxins", based on Busch and Fehleisen experiences (William B. Coley)
A representation of the cholera epidemic of the 19th century. For thousands of years mankind has been intrigued with the causes of disease and the concept of immunity. The prehistoric view was that disease was caused by supernatural forces, and that illness was a form of theurgic punishment for "bad deeds" or "evil thoughts" visited upon the soul by the gods or by one's enemies. [8]
Presidential immunity is the concept that a sitting president of the United States has both civil and criminal immunity for their official acts. [a] Neither civil nor criminal immunity is explicitly granted in the Constitution or any federal statute. [1] [2] The Supreme Court of the United States found in Nixon v.
The immune system is a network of biological systems that protects an organism from diseases. It detects and responds to a wide variety of pathogens , from viruses to bacteria , as well as cancer cells , parasitic worms , and also objects such as wood splinters , distinguishing them from the organism's own healthy tissue .
Immunology is a branch of biology and medicine [1] that covers the study of immune systems [2] in all organisms.. Immunology charts, measures, and contextualizes the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (such as autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, [3] immune deficiency, [4] and ...
1919 Jules Bordet (1870-1961), "for discovery of the complement system in the immune system" 1930 Karl Landsteiner (1868-1943), "for discovery of human blood types" 1960 Peter B. Medawar (1915-1987) and Frank Macfarlane Burnet (1899-1985), "for the discovery that the immune system of the fetus learns how to distinguish between self and non-self"
Absolute immunity, a type of immunity for government officials that confers total immunity when acting in the course of their duties; Amnesty law, a law that provides immunity for past crimes; Charitable immunity, immunity from liability granted to charities in many countries from the 19th century to the mid-20th century
An individual's immunity can be acquired via a natural infection or through artificial means, such as vaccination. [51] When a critical proportion of the population becomes immune, called the herd immunity threshold (HIT) or herd immunity level (HIL), the disease may no longer persist in the population, ceasing to be endemic. [5] [26]