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This table lists only the occurrences in compounds and complexes, not pure elements in their standard state or allotropes. Noble gas +1 Bold values are main oxidation states
Systematic oxidation state is chosen from close alternatives as a pedagogical description. An example is the oxidation state of phosphorus in H 3 PO 3 (structurally diprotic HPO(OH) 2) taken nominally as +3, while Allen electronegativities of phosphorus and hydrogen suggest +5 by a narrow margin that makes the two alternatives almost equivalent:
This table lists only the occurrences in compounds and complexes, not pure elements in their standard state or allotropes. Noble gas +1 Bold values are main oxidation states
Thus for example neodymium typically forms the +3 oxidation state, despite its configuration [Xe] 4f 4 5d 0 6s 2 that if interpreted naïvely would suggest a more stable +2 oxidation state corresponding to losing only the 6s electrons. Contrariwise, uranium as [Rn] 5f 3 6d 1 7s 2 is not very stable in the +3 oxidation state either, preferring ...
notable values from experiments, with reliable sources; predicted values from theory, with reliable sources. Each section has one entry for each element in the period table. Each entry has strict limits to allow text processing. Each element result in a string; Each string oxidation-state-number values an oxidation-state-number eg "+3," starts with
The higher the oxidation state of the metal, the stronger the ligand field that is created. In the event that there are two metals with the same d electron configuration, the one with the higher oxidation state is more likely to be low spin than the one with the lower oxidation state; for example, Fe 2+ and Co 3+ are both d 6 ; however, the ...
Oxo bridges tend to occur when the metal oxidation state is high. [75] An example is provided by the molybdenum(IV) complex [Mo 3 O 4 (H 2 O) 9] 4+ in which there is a triangle of molybdenum atoms joined by σ- bonds with an oxide bridge on each edge of the triangle and a fourth oxide which bridges to all three Mo atoms. [76]
For phosphorus (element 15) as an example, the concise form is [Ne] 3s 2 3p 3. Here [Ne] refers to the core electrons which are the same as for the element neon (Ne), the last noble gas before phosphorus in the periodic table. The valence electrons (here 3s 2 3p 3) are written explicitly for all atoms.