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At the triple junction each of the three boundaries will be one of three types – a ridge (R), trench (T) or transform fault (F) – and triple junctions can be described according to the types of plate margin that meet at them (e.g. fault–fault–trench, ridge–ridge–ridge, or abbreviated F-F-T, R-R-R).
A 3-torus in this sense is an example of a 3-dimensional compact manifold. It is also an example of a compact abelian Lie group. This follows from the fact that the unit circle is a compact abelian Lie group (when identified with the unit complex numbers with multiplication). Group multiplication on the torus is then defined by coordinate-wise ...
The subduction of bathymetric highs such as aseismic ridges, oceanic plateaus, and seamounts has been posited as the primary driver of flat slab subduction. [3] The Andean flat slab subduction zones, the Peruvian slab and the Pampean (Chilean) flat slab, are spatially correlated with the subduction of bathymetric highs, the Nazca Ridge and the Juan Fernandéz Ridge, respectively.
Subduction zones are marked by oceanic trenches. The descending end of the oceanic plate melts and creates pressure in the mantle , causing volcanoes to form. Back-arc basins can form from extension in the overriding plate, in response to the displacement of the subducting slab at some oceanic trenches .
[11] [12] Marianas Trench is an example of a deep slab, thereby creating the deepest trench in the world established by a steep slab angle. [13] Slab breakoff occurs during a collision between oceanic and continental lithosphere, [14] allowing for a slab tear; an example of slab breakoff occurs within the Himalayan subduction zone. [4]
The forearc is the region between the trench and the volcanic arc. A forearc is a region in a subduction zone between an oceanic trench and the associated volcanic arc . Forearc regions are present along convergent margins and eponymously form 'in front of' the volcanic arcs that are characteristic of convergent plate margins.
Map of the Panthalassic ocean c. 180 million years ago, showing the position of the Farallon plate. The Farallon plate was an ancient oceanic tectonic plate.It formed one of the three main plates of Panthalassa, alongside the Izanagi plate and the Phoenix plate, which were connected by a triple junction.
An example of a Riemannian submersion arises when a Lie group acts isometrically, freely and properly on a Riemannian manifold (,). The projection π : M → N {\displaystyle \pi :M\rightarrow N} to the quotient space N = M / G {\displaystyle N=M/G} equipped with the quotient metric is a Riemannian submersion.