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The climate and ecology of Sundaland throughout the Quaternary has been investigated by analyzing foraminiferal δ 18 O and pollen from cores drilled into the ocean bed, δ 18 O in speleothems from caves, and δ 13 C and δ 15 N in bat guano from caves, as well as species distribution models, phylogenetic analysis, and community structure and ...
Wallacea is defined as the series of islands stretching between the two continental shelves of Sunda and Sahul, but excluding the Philippines.Its eastern border (separating Wallacea from Sahul) is represented by a zoogeographical boundary known as Lydekker's Line, while the Wallace Line (separating Wallacea from Sunda) defines its western border.
The portion of Indonesia west of the Wallace Line is known as the Sundaland bioregion, which also includes Malaysia and Brunei. When sea levels fell during the ice ages, the shallow Sunda Shelf was exposed, linking the Islands of Sundaland to the Asian continent.
The Hindu Kush, Karakoram, and Himalaya are a major biogeographic boundary between the subtropical and tropical flora and fauna of the Indian subcontinent and the temperate-climate Palearctic realm. The Nicobar islands on the other hand fall in the "Sundaland" bioregion of the Indo-Malayan realm.
[3] Other ecoregions cover portions of lowland Borneo, including the Borneo peat swamp forests, Southwest Borneo freshwater swamp forests, and Sundaland heath forests. These other lowland ecoregions formed over specific soil conditions, and are home to distinct communities of plants and animals. The Sunda Shelf mangroves fringe the island's shores.
"Sunda" also denotes continental shelves or landmasses. Indonesia itself has two shelves: the Sunda Shelf in the west and the Sahul/Arafuru Shelf in the east. Other terms associated with "Sunda" include the Sunda Island Arc or the arc of Sunda Islands, Sunda Fold or tectonic folding in the Natuna Sea, the Sunda Trench, and Sundaland. [1]
"Sunda" denotes the continental shelves or landmasses: the Sunda Shelf in the west and the Sahul/Arafuru Shelf in the east. Other terms associated with "Sunda" include the Sunda Island Arc or the arc of Sunda Islands, Sunda Fold or tectonic folding in the Natuna Sea, the Sunda Trench, and Sundaland.
Map of Sahul and Sunda. Geologically, the Sunda Shelf (/ ˈ s ʌ n d ə / [1]) is a south-eastern extension of the continental shelf of Mainland Southeast Asia.Major landmasses on the shelf include the Indonesian islands of Bali, Borneo, Java, Madura, and Sumatra, as well as their surrounding smaller islands. [2]