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The electric displacement field "D" is defined as +, where is the vacuum permittivity (also called permittivity of free space), E is the electric field, and P is the (macroscopic) density of the permanent and induced electric dipole moments in the material, called the polarization density.
Unit name Symbol Base units E energy: joule: J = C⋅V = W⋅s kg⋅m 2 ⋅s −2: Q electric charge: coulomb: C A⋅s I electric current: ampere: A = C/s = W/V A J electric current density: ampere per square metre A/m 2: A⋅m −2: U, ΔV; Δϕ; E, ξ potential difference; voltage; electromotive force: volt: V = J/C kg⋅m 2 ⋅s −3 ⋅A ...
Electric field from positive to negative charges. Gauss's law describes the relationship between an electric field and electric charges: an electric field points away from positive charges and towards negative charges, and the net outflow of the electric field through a closed surface is proportional to the enclosed charge, including bound charge due to polarization of material.
Continuous charge distribution. The volume charge density ρ is the amount of charge per unit volume (cube), surface charge density σ is amount per unit surface area (circle) with outward unit normal n̂, d is the dipole moment between two point charges, the volume density of these is the polarization density P.
Gauss's law in its integral form is particularly useful when, by symmetry reasons, a closed surface (GS) can be found along which the electric field is uniform. The electric flux is then a simple product of the surface area and the strength of the electric field, and is proportional to the total charge enclosed by the surface.
Electric current per unit cross-section area A/m 2: L −2 I: conserved, intensive, vector Electric dipole moment: p: Measure of the separation of equal and opposite electric charges C⋅m L T I: vector Electric displacement field: D →: Strength of the electric displacement C/m 2: L −2 T I: vector field Electric field strength: E → ...
The electric field is defined as a vector field that associates to each point in space the force per unit of charge exerted on an infinitesimal test charge at rest at that point. [2] [3] [4] The SI unit for the electric field is the volt per meter (V/m), which is equal to the newton per coulomb (N/C). [5]
The displacement field D is measured in units of coulombs per square meter (C/m 2), while the electric field E is measured in volts per meter (V/m). D and E describe the interaction between charged objects. D is related to the charge densities associated with this interaction, while E is related to the forces and potential differences.