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To induce general anesthesia, propofol is the drug used almost exclusively, having largely replaced sodium thiopental. [13]It is often administered as part of an anesthesia maintenance technique called total intravenous anesthesia, using either manually programmed infusion pumps or computer-controlled infusion pumps in a process called target controlled infusion (TCI).
Treatment of substance use disorders can start with detoxification if needed, to manage physical and psychological health when severe withdrawal symptoms are expected to occur. [2] Common addiction treatment therapies are counseling , cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) , medication-assisted treatment , twelve-step programs and other types of ...
People who are diagnosed with a mental health disorder and a simultaneous substance use disorder are known as having a dual diagnosis. For example, someone with bipolar disorder who also has an alcohol use disorder would have dual diagnosis. On such occasions, two treatment plans are needed with the mental health disorder requiring treatment first.
Long-term benzodiazepine treatment may remain necessary in certain clinical conditions. [8] Numbers of benzodiazepine prescriptions have been declining, due primarily to concerns of dependence. In the short term, benzodiazepines can be effective drugs for acute anxiety or insomnia.
Chemical structure of zolpidem, a Z-drug. Controlled prescription drug classes which are commonly diverted include: [3] Benzodiazepines – including diazepam, temazepam, clonazepam, and alprazolam – prescription anxiolytics and sedatives; Opioids – including morphine, hydrocodone, oxycodone and codeine – prescription pain medications
In vitro studies of tissue cultured cell lines have shown that chronic treatment with flumazenil enhanced the benzodiazepine binding site where such receptors have become more numerous and uncoupling/down-regulation of GABA A has been reversed. [19] [20] [21] After long-term exposure to benzodiazepines, GABA A receptors become down-regulated ...
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