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The Toluid Civil War was a war of succession fought between Kublai Khan and his younger brother, Ariq Böke, from 1260 to 1264. [1] Möngke Khan died in 1259 with no declared successor, precipitating infighting between members of the Tolui family line for the title of Great Khan that escalated to a civil war. [1]
Tolui (c. 1191 –1232) was the youngest son of Genghis Khan and Börte.A prominent general during the early Mongol conquests, Tolui was a leading candidate to succeed his father after his death in 1227 and ultimately served as regent of the Mongol Empire until the accession of his brother Ögedei two years later.
Möngke Khan (also Möngke Khagan or Möngke; [a] 11 January 1209 – 11 August 1259) was the fourth khagan of the Mongol Empire, ruling from 1 July 1251 to 11 August 1259.He was the first Khagan from the Toluid line, and made significant reforms to improve the administration of the Empire during his reign.
Claimed the title of Great Khan and fought against Kublai in the Toluid Civil War. Kublai Khan: December 18, 1271 - February 18, 1294 The first emperor of the Yuan Dynasty. Temür Khan: May 10, 1294 - February 10, 1307 The second emperor of the Yuan Dynasty. Külüg Khan: June 21, 1307 - January 27, 1311 The third emperor of the Yuan Dynasty.
The four divisions each pursued their own interests and objectives and fell at different times. Most of the western khanates did not recognize Kublai as Great Khan. Although some of them still asked Kublai to confirm the enthronement of their new regional khans, [5] the four khanates were functionally independent sovereign states. [6]
Ariq Böke was the youngest son of Sorghaghtani Beki and Tolui, the youngest son of Genghis Khan. When Genghis died in 1227, the leadership of the Empire passed to Genghis' third son (Ariq Böke's uncle), Ögedei. He peacefully attended the elections of both his uncle, Great Khan Ögedei and Ögedei's successor and eldest son, Güyük.
After Möngke Khan died in 1259, the Toluid Civil War broke out between Kublai Khan and Ariq Böke. While Hulagu Khan of the Ilkhanate supported Kublai, Berke sided with Ariq Böke. [ 38 ] There is evidence that Berke minted coins in Ariq Böke's name, [ 39 ] but he remained militarily neutral.
The Mongol Empire began to split politically with the Toluid Civil War during 1260–1264 and the death of Kublai Khan in 1294, but the term Ikh Khagan (Great Khan, or Emperor) was still used by the emperors of the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), who also took on the title of the Emperor of China.