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EEG can detect abnormal electrical discharges such as sharp waves, spikes, or spike-and-wave complexes, as observable in people with epilepsy; thus, it is often used to inform medical diagnosis. EEG can detect the onset and spatio-temporal (location and time) evolution of seizures and the presence of status epilepticus.
Seizures that occur after brain injury may be due to the brain adapting to injury (neuroplasticity). [40] This process is known as epileptogenesis. [41] There is loss of inhibitory neurons because they die due to the injury. [41] [40] The brain may also adapt and make new neuron connections that may be hyper-excitatory. [41] [40]
Blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption occurs in high prevalence following all brain lesions that may cause post injury epilepsy such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, brain infection or brain tumor. [9] BBB disruption was shown to underlay epileptogenesis by several experimental models.
Seizures that occur after head injury are not necessarily due to epilepsy or even to the head trauma. [11] Like anyone else, TBI survivors may have seizures due to factors including imbalances of fluid or electrolytes, epilepsy from other causes, hypoxia (insufficient oxygen), and ischemia (insufficient blood flow to the brain). [11]
A paper published in 2023 showed that burst suppression and epilepsy may share the same ephaptic coupling mechanism. [6] When inhibitory control is sufficiently low, as in the case of certain general anesthetics such as sevoflurane (due to a decrease in the firing of interneurons [7]), electric fields are able to recruit neighboring cells to fire synchronously, in a burst suppression pattern.
If several million neurons discharge at once, it shows up on a scalp EEG as a focal interictal epileptiform spike. Paroxysmal depolarizing shifts can lead to an epileptic seizure if there is an underlying predisposition, and recording the spike can be an important aid in distinguishing seizure types. [citation needed]
Epilepsy, a brain disorder that causes seizures, is one of the most common conditions that affects the brain. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 3.4 million ...
Blood flow may increase up to twice the normal flow but no more. If the increased blood flow is sufficient to supply the brain's oxygen needs then no symptoms will result. [6] However, if blood flow cannot be increased or if doubled blood flow does not correct the problem, symptoms of cerebral hypoxia will begin to appear.