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The risk premium is equally important for a bank's assets with the risk premium on loans, defined as the loan interest charged to customers less the risk free government bond, needing to be sufficiently large to compensate the institution for the increased default risk associated with providing a loan. [11]
The risk of default is derived by analyzing the obligor's capacity to repay the debt in accordance with contractual terms. PD is generally associated with financial characteristics such as inadequate cash flow to service debt, declining revenues or operating margins, high leverage, declining or marginal liquidity, and the inability to ...
Government bonds are conventionally considered to be relatively risk-free to a domestic holder of a government bond, because there is by definition no risk of default – the bond is a form of government obligation which is being discharged through the payment of another form of government obligation (i.e. the domestic currency). [5]
The key variables for (credit) risk assessment are the probability of default (PD), the loss given default (LGD) and the exposure at default (EAD).The credit conversion factor calculates the amount of a free credit line and other off-balance-sheet transactions (with the exception of derivatives) to an EAD amount [2] and is an integral part in the European banking regulation since the Basel II ...
R f is the expected risk-free return in that market (government bond yield); β s is the sensitivity to market risk for the security; R m is the historical return of the stock market; and (R m – R f) is the risk premium of market assets over risk free assets. The risk free rate is the yield on long term bonds in the particular market, such as ...
where is the maturity of the longest transaction in the portfolio, is the future value of one unit of the base currency invested today at the prevailing interest rate for maturity , is the loss given default, is the time of default, () is the exposure at time , and (,) is the risk neutral probability of counterparty default between times and .
Credit default risk – The risk of loss arising from a debtor being unlikely to pay its loan obligations in full or the debtor is more than 90 days past due on any material credit obligation; default risk may impact all credit-sensitive transactions, including loans, securities and derivatives.
A QSD is the difference between the default-risk premium differential on the fixed- rate debt and the default-risk premium differential on the floating-rate debt. In general, the former is greater than the latter.