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In turn, levels of the stress hormone cortisol exceed normal ranges. [1] This theory however is based on animal studies and cross-sectional studies in humans, and the proposed impacts on brain centers have not been found in a landmark twin study [5] and studies where neurobiological factors were measured in humans prior to stress or trauma ...
Parental experience, as well as changing hormone levels during pregnancy and postpartum, cause changes in the parental brain. [1] Displaying maternal sensitivity towards infant cues, processing those cues and being motivated to engage socially with her infant and attend to the infant's needs in any context could be described as mothering ...
Studies that examine the cognitive development of children stress the importance of brain development and the presence of a stimulating environment to develop cognitive skills. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] The rapid brain development in the first years of life is primarily responsible for the infants' ability to process visual information, tactile information ...
[1]: 24 [4] Sex differences in the brain have been found in many structures, most notably the hypothalamus and the amygdala. [2] However, few of these have been related to behavioral sex differences, and scientists are still working to establish firm links between early hormones, brain development and behavior. [2]
Exposure to stress during the process of pregnancy affects fetal brain development and predisposes offspring to the development of a multitude of mental disorders. [17] Many studies have found that there is an association between ADHD and lessened functioning within the prefrontal cortex (PFC).
Maternal fetal stress transfer is a physiological phenomenon in which psychosocial stress experienced by a mother during her pregnancy can be transferred to the fetus. Psychosocial stress describes the brain's physiological response to perceived social threat. Because of a link in blood supply between a mother and fetus, it has been found that ...
Brain areas that undergo significant post-natal development, such as those involved in memory and emotion are more vulnerable to effects of early life stress. [ 58 ] [ 64 ] For example, the hippocampus continues to develop after birth and is a structure that is affected by childhood maltreatment. [ 64 ]
Most of the brain's billions of neurons also are developed by the second trimester. [82] Babies are hence born with some odor, taste and sound preferences, largely related to the mother's environment. [83] Some primitive reflexes too arise before birth and are still present in newborns. One hypothesis is that these reflexes are vestigial and ...