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Adult female wasps of most species oviposit into their hosts' bodies or eggs. More rarely, parasitoid wasps may use plant seeds as hosts, such as Torymus druparum. [5] Some also inject a mix of secretory products that paralyse the host or protect the egg from the host's immune system; these include polydnaviruses, ovarian proteins, and venom ...
Another family, the Pompilidae, is a specialist parasitoid of spiders. [10] Some wasps are even parasitoids of parasitoids; the eggs of Euceros are laid beside lepidopteran larvae and the wasp larvae feed temporarily on their haemolymph, but if a parasitoid emerges from the host, the hyperparasites continue their life cycle inside the ...
Parasitoid wasps face a range of obstacles to oviposition, [6] including behavioural, morphological, physiological and immunological defences of their hosts. [ 29 ] [ 34 ] To thwart this, some wasps inundate their host with their eggs so as to overload its immune system's ability to encapsulate foreign bodies; [ 35 ] others introduce a virus ...
Most parasitoid wasps dispatch prey in some such hideous manner, including entombing their paralyzed bodies. This tiny ichneumon wasp (Enicospilus purgatus) is nocturnal, as are most of its quarry ...
A huge number of species are parasitoids as larvae. The adults inject the eggs into a host, which they begin to consume after hatching. For example, the eggs of the endangered Papilio homerus are parasitized at a rate of 77%, mainly by Hymenoptera species. [23] Some species are even hyperparasitoid, with the host itself being another parasitoid ...
Podagrion mantis was first described in 1886 by W.H. Ashmead and was the first species of its genus to have been described from the United States. All species in the genus are parasitoid wasps known only to parasitize mantids.
The female is about 4 mm (0.16 in) long. Parts of the abdomen and legs are yellow-red, while the rest of the body is black. [5] The male is black and lacks the hypopygium structure which clearly identifies the species in the female. Its legs are bicoloured yellow and has a body length of about 3 mm (0.12 in). [6]
These wasps are brood parasitoids of crabronid wasps, bees, and eumenine vespids. [2] They are generally kleptoparasites, laying their eggs in host nests, where their larvae consume the host, egg, or larva while it is still young, then consuming the provisions. [1] The ovipositor is tube-like, and used to slip the eggs into the host nests.