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The history of Champa begins in prehistory with the migration of the ancestors of the Cham people to mainland Southeast Asia and the founding of their Indianized maritime kingdom based in what is now central Vietnam in the early centuries AD, and ends when the final vestiges of the kingdom were annexed and absorbed by Vietnam in 1832.
Throughout history, Champa and the Cham were viewed by premodern Vietnamese literati and upper-class aristocrats as barbaric, uncivilized, and often described in disgusting senses, with several Vietnamese rulers pushed assimilationist policies and attempts to eradicate the Cham culture rather than incorporating it into Vietnamese. [228] [229] [230]
The King of Champa then became an ally of the Johor Sultanate; in 1594, Champa sent its military forces to fight alongside Johor against the Portuguese occupation of Malacca. [35] Between 1607 and 1676, one of the Champa kings converted to Islam and it became a dominant feature of Cham society. The Chams also adopted the Jawi alphabet. [36]
Since then, Chams have used Champa to refer to their state. [17] 631: Kandarpadharma sent missions to the Tang. 640: Prabhasadharma became king of Champa and sent mission to the Tang. [18] 645: Prabhasadharma was assassinated by his minister. [18] 646: Prince Bhadreśvaravarman fled to Cambodia while the throne was occupied by a minister. [18] 650
Michael Vickery, an outspoken critic of Maspero's The Champa Kingdom, expresses that there was never a single Champa in history and the linking of Linyi kings to Champa kings is an illusion. From 220 to 645, Chinese annals give almost the same title for rulers of Linyi: Fan 范 ( MC : *buam’ ), that may be connected with the Khmer title poñ ...
Vietnamese victory, Cham king fled to Java, annexation of Champa by Đại Việt. [22] 13 Cham–Vietnamese War (1326) Chế A Nan revolted and regained independence of Champa from Đại Việt. [23] [24] 14 Cham–Vietnamese War (1353) Failed Vietnamese (Đại Việt) seaborne attempt to reinstate Vietnamese influence in Champa. [24] 15
Another popular Vietnamese narrative is, although Champa did not exist, but the Vietnamese government since modern days had tried to reconcile and research history of Champa as an entity and its own civilization, culture and customs, thus the Cham nationalist narrative of persecution is untrue. [19]
The royal family of Champa (Cempa) is the subject of a set of Javanese legends about the introduction of Islam in the island world. According to the chronicles, the legendary last king of Majapahit , Brawijaya, sent his minister Gajah Mada to Champa to ask for the daughter of the king, Darawati, in marriage.