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Throughout history, Champa and the Cham were viewed by premodern Vietnamese literati and upper-class aristocrats as barbaric, uncivilized, and often described in disgusting senses, with several Vietnamese rulers pushed assimilationist policies and attempts to eradicate the Cham culture rather than incorporating it into Vietnamese. [228] [229] [230]
The history of Champa begins in prehistory with the migration of the ancestors of the Cham people to mainland Southeast Asia and the founding of their Indianized maritime kingdom based in what is now central Vietnam in the early centuries AD, and ends when the final vestiges of the kingdom were annexed and absorbed by Vietnam in 1832.
The King of Champa then became an ally of the Johor Sultanate; in 1594, Champa sent its military forces to fight alongside Johor against the Portuguese occupation of Malacca. [35] Between 1607 and 1676, one of the Champa kings converted to Islam and it became a dominant feature of Cham society. The Chams also adopted the Jawi alphabet. [36]
Since then, Chams have used Champa to refer to their state. [17] 631: Kandarpadharma sent missions to the Tang. 640: Prabhasadharma became king of Champa and sent mission to the Tang. [18] 645: Prabhasadharma was assassinated by his minister. [18] 646: Prince Bhadreśvaravarman fled to Cambodia while the throne was occupied by a minister. [18] 650
The defunct Kingdom of (Ts)Champa (in brackets) in Heinrich Kiepert's 1856 Map of the East Indies. In 1828, Po Phaok The (r. 1829–1832) was appointed as the new king of Panduranga after governor Duyet's decision, [ 58 ] and it is unknown if the new king had been yet approved by Minh Mang. [ 59 ]
Lâm Ấp (Vietnamese pronunciation of Middle Chinese 林邑 *liɪm ʔˠiɪp̚, standard Chinese: Línyì) was a kingdom located in central Vietnam that existed from around 192 AD to 629 AD in what is today central Vietnam, and was one of the earliest recorded Champa kingdoms.
Another popular Vietnamese narrative is, although Champa did not exist, but the Vietnamese government since modern days had tried to reconcile and research history of Champa as an entity and its own civilization, culture and customs, thus the Cham nationalist narrative of persecution is untrue. [19]
Vietnamese victory, Cham king fled to Java, annexation of Champa by Đại Việt. [22] 13 Cham–Vietnamese War (1326) Chế A Nan revolted and regained independence of Champa from Đại Việt. [23] [24] 14 Cham–Vietnamese War (1353) Failed Vietnamese (Đại Việt) seaborne attempt to reinstate Vietnamese influence in Champa. [24] 15