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[186] [187] By the age of 50 more than 80% of American women will have contracted at least one strain of genital HPV. [ 185 ] [ 188 ] It was estimated that, in the year 2000, there were approximately 6.2 million new HPV infections among Americans aged 15–44; of these, an estimated 74% occurred to people between ages of 15 and 24. [ 189 ]
Rates are falling fastest among women in their early 20s, the first generation to benefit from HPV vaccines, which were approved in 2006. HPV, the human papillomavirus, causes six types of cancer ...
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A 2007 survey of American women found 40% had heard of HPV infection and less than half of those knew it causes cervical cancer. [177] Over a longitudinal study from 1975 to 2000, it was found that people of lower socioeconomic census brackets had higher rates of late-stage cancer diagnosis and higher morbidity rates.
The cause of CIN is chronic infection of the cervix with HPV, especially infection with high-risk HPV types 16 or 18. It is thought that the high-risk HPV infections have the ability to inactivate tumor suppressor genes such as the p53 gene and the RB gene, thus allowing the infected cells to grow unchecked and accumulate successive mutations, eventually leading to cancer.
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Gardasil is an HPV vaccine for use in the prevention of certain strains of human papillomavirus (HPV). [10] [7] [8] [9] [11] It was developed by Merck & Co. [12] High-risk human papilloma virus (hr-HPV) genital infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection among women. [13]
Results of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) menopausal hormone therapy randomized controlled trials; Clinical outcome Hypothesized effect on risk Estrogen and progestogen (CEs Tooltip conjugated estrogens 0.625 mg/day p.o. + MPA Tooltip medroxyprogesterone acetate 2.5 mg/day p.o.)