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Like the rest of the New Testament, the four gospels were written in Greek. [56] The Gospel of Mark probably dates from c. AD 66 –70, [18] Matthew and Luke around AD 85–90, [19] and John AD 90–110. [20], which puts their composition likely within the lifetimes of various eyewitnesses, including Jesus's own family.
Gospel of Thomas – The Gospel of Thomas (also known as the Coptic Gospel of Thomas) is a non-canonical sayings gospel. [4]Gospel of Basilides – composed in Egypt around 120-140 AD, thought to be a Gnostic gospel harmony of the canonical gospels.
While the periods to which the gospels are usually dated suggest otherwise, [2] [3] convention traditionally holds that the authors were two of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus, John and Matthew, as well as two "apostolic men", [4] Mark and Luke, whom Orthodox Tradition records as members of the 70 Apostles :
Based on the arguments Irenaeus made in support of only four authentic gospels, some interpreters deduce that the fourfold Gospel must have still been a novelty in Irenaeus's time. [82] Against Heresies 3.11.7 acknowledges that many heterodox Christians use only one gospel while 3.11.9 acknowledges that some use more than four. [83]
Vatican Cod. Sir. 12, written in Edessa in 548; the oldest dated manuscript containing the four Gospels. Codex Phillipps 1388 contains the four Gospels, dating from the 5th/6th century, kept in Berlin since 1865. The manuscript's text was published by Gwilliam in 1901 and includes around 70 Old Syriac textual variants.
Many non-canonical gospels were also written, all later than the four canonical gospels, and like them advocating the particular theological views of their various authors. [31] [32] In modern scholarship, the Synoptic Gospels are the primary sources for reconstructing Christ's ministry. [33] [note 1]
The four gospels ascribed to Matthew, Mark, Luke and John were regionally authoritative by proto-orthodoxy by the 2nd century. [18] Some historians have suggested that, between Nero 's persecution of Christians in 64 CE and the Jewish revolt in 66 CE, Gentile Christians saw more sense in giving Jews, rather than Romans, responsibility for Jesus ...
Internal evidence within the texts of the 27-book New Testament canon suggests that most of these books were written in the 1st century CE. The first book written is thought to be either the Epistle to the Galatians (written around 48 CE) [3] or 1 Thessalonians, written around 50 CE. [4]