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Maternal deprivation is a scientific term summarising the early work of psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby on the effects of separating infants and young ...
Monkey clinging to the cloth mother surrogate in fear test. Harry Frederick Harlow (October 31, 1905 – December 6, 1981) was an American psychologist best known for his maternal-separation, dependency needs, and social isolation experiments on rhesus monkeys, which manifested the importance of caregiving and companionship to social and cognitive development.
Much of Harlow's scientific career was spent studying maternal bonding, what he described as the "nature of love".These experiments involved rearing newborn "total isolates" and monkeys with surrogate mothers, ranging from toweling-covered cones to a machine that modeled abusive mothers by assaulting the baby monkeys with cold air or spikes.
The maternal deprivation hypothesis published in 1951 spurred a shift away from the use of residential nurseries in favour of foster homes. [ 133 ] Bowlby's contemporary René Spitz observed separated children's grief, proposing that " psychotoxic " results were brought about by inappropriate experiences of early care.
Ainsworth separated the three dimensions of maternal deprivation into lack of maternal care, distortion of maternal care and discontinuity of maternal care. She analysed the dozens of studies undertaken in the field and concluded that the basic assertions of the maternal deprivation hypothesis were sound although the controversy continued. [68]
"Chronic sleep deprivation disrupts the balance of hunger-regulating hormones, ghrelin, and leptin, which can lead to increased food intake and weight gain," says Costa. But why does this happen?
He recognized that the official definition of PTSD failed to describe their mental anguish, leading him to coin the term “moral injury.” The ideals taught at Parris Island “are the best of what human beings can do,” said William P. Nash, a retired Navy psychiatrist who deployed with Marines to Iraq as a combat therapist.
His most significant contributions to the field of psychoanalysis came from his studies of the effects of maternal and emotional deprivation on infants. Spitz valued several aspects: Infant observation and assessment, anaclitic depression (hospitalism), developmental transitions, the processes of effective communication, and understanding ...