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Hunga Tonga and Hunga Haʻapai are the only subaerial parts of the volcano. Hunga Tonga is the eastern island, while Hunga Haʻapai is the western one. They are part of Tonga's Haʻapai group of islands, [15] an island arc formed at the convergent boundary where the Pacific Plate subducts under the Indo-Australian Plate. [6] [16] [17]
Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai is 65 kilometres (40 mi) north of Tongatapu, the country's main island, [9] and is part of the highly active Tonga–Kermadec Islands volcanic arc, a subduction zone extending from New Zealand to Fiji. [10] [11] On the Volcanic Explosivity Index scale, the eruption was rated at least a VEI-5.
Government of Tonga, official 1962 land survey Siebert L, Simkin T (2002–present). Volcanoes of the World: an Illustrated Catalog of Holocene Volcanoes and their Eruptions .
The 2009 Tonga undersea volcanic eruption began on 16 March 2009, [5] near the island of Hunga Tonga, approximately 62 kilometres (39 mi) from the Tongan capital of Nukuʻalofa. [6] The volcano is in a highly active volcanic region that represents a portion of the Pacific Ring of Fire .
Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai [13] Tonga 2022 58 6–10 [14] [15] [16] 6 The explosive submarine eruption began on December 20, 2021, with the largest explosion occurring on January 15, 2022. Satellite measurements recorded an eruption column of at least 30,000 m (98,000 ft) into the atmosphere. [17]
Dieng Volcanic Complex: 1 Indonesia: 2017 [52] 8 Kuchinoerabu-jima: 4 Japan: 1933 [53] 7 Kelud: 4 Indonesia: 2014 [54] 7 Jabal al-Tair: 3 Yemen: 2007 [55] 6 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai: 5 Tonga: 2022 2021–22 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption and tsunami: 6 Karangetang: 2 Indonesia: 1992 [56] 5 Mount Tavurvur: 4 Papua New Guinea: 1994 [57 ...
Ongoing — COVID-19 pandemic in Tonga. 14 January – 2022 Hunga Tonga eruption and tsunami: The Hunga Tonga, an undersea volcano, erupts, sending ash and steam 20 kilometers into the air. The government of Tonga issues a tsunami warning and advises people in all islands of Tonga to avoid the coasts. [1]
Satellite images of the 15 January 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai. This is a list of volcanoes that have had large explosive eruptions during the Holocene (since about 11,650 years Before Present), with a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 5 or higher, or a plume height of at least 30 km.