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The major theological figures representing the Magisterial Reformation were Luther, Zwingli, Calvin [6] and Knox, [7] as well as Thomas Cranmer. The Magisterial Reformers believed that secular authority should be followed where it did not clash with biblical commands.
Both Luther and Zwingli agreed that the bread in the Supper was a sign. For Luther, however, that which the bread signified, namely the body of Christ, was present "in, with, and under" the sign itself. For Zwingli, though, sign and thing signified were separated by a distance—the width between heaven and earth." [3]
Calvin believed the elements of the Supper to be used by God as instruments in communicating the promises which they represent, a view called symbolic instrumentalism. [22] Heinrich Bullinger, Zwingli's successor, went beyond Zwingli by teaching that there is a union between the sacrament of the Supper and the grace symbolized in them. [23]
Protestant Reformers were theologians whose careers, works and actions brought about the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century.. In the context of the Reformation, Martin Luther was the first reformer, sharing his views publicly in 1517, followed by Andreas Karlstadt and Philip Melanchthon at Wittenberg, who promptly joined the new movement.
Zwingli rooted his theology of salvation deeply in Augustinian soteriology [7] alongside Martin Luther (1483-1546) [8] and John Calvin (1509–1564). [9] Augustine's theology was grounded in divine monergism , [ 10 ] and implied a double predestination . [ 11 ]
In this engraving-painting pair showing 16 reformers and 6 theologians, the men sitting around the table are identified as A John Wycliffe, B Jan Hus, C Jerome of Prague, D Ulrich Zwingli, E Martin Luther, F John Oecolampadius, G Martin Bucer, H John Calvin, I Philip Melanchthon, K Peter Martyr Vermigli, L John Knox, M Matthias Flacius, N Heinrich Bullinger, O Hieronymus Zanchi, P Theodore ...
John Calvin was influenced by Martin Luther's idea of baptism as God's promises to the baptized person attached to the outward sign of washing with water. Calvin maintained Zwingli's idea of baptism as a public pledge, but insisted that it was secondary to baptism's meaning as a sign of God's promise to forgive sin. [11]
As a theologian, he lacked the glamour of Luther, Zwingli and Calvin, but nonetheless became a trusted religious leader. He was respected even among Catholic scholars of his time and was quoted over forty years after his death by the Jesuit St. Peter Canisius in his work De Maria Virgine. [8] With Zwingli he represented the Swiss at the Marburg ...