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Dobutamine is a direct-acting agent whose primary activity results from stimulation of the β 1-adrenoceptors of the heart, increasing contractility and cardiac output. Since it does not act on dopamine receptors to inhibit the release of norepinephrine (another α 1 agonist), dobutamine is less prone to induce hypertension than is dopamine.
Nephrotoxicity is toxicity in the kidneys. It is a poisonous effect of some substances, both toxic chemicals and medications, on kidney function. [1] There are various forms, [2] and some drugs may affect kidney function in more than one way. Nephrotoxins are substances displaying nephrotoxicity.
The various symptoms of acute kidney injury result from the various disturbances of kidney function that are associated with the disease. Accumulation of urea and other nitrogen-containing substances in the bloodstream lead to a number of symptoms, such as fatigue , loss of appetite , headache , nausea , and vomiting . [ 6 ]
Compromised liver or kidney function with drugs that inhibit an enzyme called CYP3A4 [46] Pre-existing ophthalmopathy (eye disorders) [ 47 ] Avoid usage during pregnancy as it can inhibit meiosis , a specific form of cell division that takes place in oocytes , which are specialized reproductive cells in females [ 48 ]
Certain medications, such as dobutamine and milrinone, improve the heart's ability to contract and can also be used. When these measures fail, more advanced options such as mechanical support devices or heart transplantation can be pursued. Cardiogenic shock is a condition that is difficult to fully reverse even with an early diagnosis. [4]
Kidney ischemia [1] is a disease with a high morbidity and mortality rate. [2] Blood vessels shrink and undergo apoptosis which results in poor blood flow in the kidneys. More complications happen when failure of the kidney functions result in toxicity in various parts of the body which may cause septic shock, hypovolemia, and a need for surgery. [3]
In rare cases, vitamin D can reach toxic levels. This can increase calcium absorption, leading to abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood, Zumpano notes. Symptoms of vitamin D toxicity include:
[6] [4] [5] Symptoms may include muscle pains, weakness, vomiting, and confusion. [3] [4] There may be tea-colored urine or an irregular heartbeat. [3] [5] Some of the muscle breakdown products, such as the protein myoglobin, are harmful to the kidneys and can cause acute kidney injury. [7] [3]