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Diabetes medications have four main mechanisms of action: [citation needed] Insulin sensitization: Increased sensitivity of insulin receptors on cells leading to decreased insulin resistance, and higher effects of insulin on blood glucose levels. Stimulation of beta cells: This stimulation increases insulin secretion from beta cells of pancreas.
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) are oral anti-diabetic drugs used for diabetes mellitus type 2 that work by preventing the digestion of carbohydrates (such as starch and table sugar). They are found in raw plants/herbs such as cinnamon and bacteria (containing the inhibitor acarbose ).
Troglitazone was developed as the first anti-diabetic drug having a mechanism of action involving the enhancement of insulin resistance. At the time, it was widely believed that such drugs, by addressing the primary metabolic defect associated with Type 2 diabetes, would have numerous benefits including avoiding the risk of hypoglycemia ...
Thiazolidinedione ligand dependent transactivation is responsible for the majority of anti-diabetic effects. The activated PPAR/RXR heterodimer binds to peroxisome proliferator hormone response elements upstream of target genes in complex with a number of coactivators such as nuclear receptor coactivator 1 and CREB binding protein, this causes upregulation of genes (for a full list see PPARγ):
The results are decreased kidney reabsorption of glucose, glucosuria effect increases with higher level of glucose in the blood circulation. Therefore, dapagliflozin reduces the blood glucose concentration with a mechanism that is independent of insulin secretion and sensitivity, unlike many other antidiabetic medications.
Semaglutide is an anti-diabetic medication used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and an anti-obesity medication used for long-term weight management. [23] [24] [25] It is a peptide similar to the hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), modified with a side chain. [26] [27] It can be administered by subcutaneous injection or taken orally.
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