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This is most commonly used in reference to the United States. Desegregation was long a focus of the American civil rights movement, both before and after the US Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education, particularly desegregation of the school systems and the military. Racial integration of society was a closely related goal.
In the United States, school integration (also known as desegregation) is the process of ending race-based segregation within American public and private schools. Racial segregation in schools existed throughout most of American history and remains an issue in contemporary education.
Pressure to end racial segregation in the government grew among African Americans and progressives after the end of World War II. On July 26, 1948, President Harry S. Truman signed Executive Order 9981, ending segregation in the United States Armed Forces.
In some areas, the post–World War II racial desegregation of the public schools catalyzed white flight. In 1954, the US Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education (1954) ordered the de jure termination of the "separate, but equal" legal racism established with the Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) case in the 19th century. It declared that ...
Prior to World War II, most public schools in the country were de jure or de facto segregated. All Southern states had Jim Crow Laws mandating racial segregation of schools. . Northern states and some border states were primarily white (in 1940, the populations of Detroit and Chicago were more than 90% white) and existing black populations were concentrated in urban ghettos partly as the ...
Operation Isabella (invasion of Portugal and Spain to counter any possible landing of Anglo-American troops in the Iberian Peninsula. Prepared in May 1941 and never carried out.) [ 24 ] Operation Fire Eater (German-Italian plans to instigate a Pasthun rebellion against British India on the Pakistani Side and form a pro-Axis Pashtunistan state ...
She was the first of only four African American women to serve in the Navy during World War II. [ 64 ] Publicity surrounding the Port Chicago disaster on July 17, 1944, and the ensuing mutiny convictions of 50 black sailors spotlighted racism in the Navy and was a major impetus for Circular Order 48-46, [ 65 ] published on February 27, 1946 ...
Puerto Rico and Guam remain territories, and the Philippines became independent in 1946, after being a major theater of World War II. Following the war, many islands were entrusted to the U.S. by the United Nations , [ 7 ] and while the Northern Mariana Islands became a U.S. territory, the Marshall Islands , Federated States of Micronesia , and ...