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MyoD, also known as myoblast determination protein 1, [5] is a protein in animals that plays a major role in regulating muscle differentiation.MyoD, which was discovered in the laboratory of Harold M. Weintraub, [6] belongs to a family of proteins known as myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs). [7]
The mutation affects the body's repair mechanism, causing fibrous tissue including muscle, tendons, and ligaments to become ossified, either spontaneously or when damaged as the result of trauma. In many cases, otherwise minor injuries can cause joints to become permanently fused as new bone forms, replacing the damaged muscle tissue.
Joints are controlled by two opposing sets of muscles called extensors and flexors, that work in synchrony for smooth movement. When a muscle spindle is stretched, the stretch reflex is activated, and the opposing muscle group must be inhibited to prevent it from working against the contraction of the homonymous muscle. This inhibition is ...
Myostatin (also known as growth differentiation factor 8, abbreviated GDF8) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MSTN gene. [6] Myostatin is a myokine that is produced and released by myocytes and acts on muscle cells to inhibit muscle growth. [7] Myostatin is a secreted growth differentiation factor that is a member of the TGF beta ...
Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, [1] is the process in which one mature somatic cell is transformed into another mature somatic cell without undergoing an intermediate pluripotent state or progenitor cell type. [2] It is a type of metaplasia, which includes all cell fate switches, including the interconversion of stem ...
Transcriptional modification or co-transcriptional modification is a set of biological processes common to most eukaryotic cells by which an RNA primary transcript is chemically altered following transcription from a gene to produce a mature, functional RNA molecule that can then leave the nucleus and perform any of a variety of different functions in the cell. [1]
Example of a genetic regulatory circuit for Drosophila melanogaster's huckebein (hkb) gene's effects on gap gene expression.. Genetic regulatory circuits (also referred to as transcriptional regulatory circuits) is a concept that evolved from the Operon Model discovered by François Jacob and Jacques Monod.
Similarly, genes that function in the development of cardiac, muscle, and nervous tissue in lobsters were identified by comparing the transcriptomes of the various tissue types without use of a genome sequence. [160] RNA-Seq can also be used to identify previously unknown protein coding regions in existing sequenced genomes.