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These equations taken together are as powerful and complete as Maxwell's equations. Moreover, the problem has been reduced somewhat, as the electric and magnetic fields together had six components to solve for. [1] In the potential formulation, there are only four components: the electric potential and the three components of the vector potential.
Vector calculus or vector analysis is a branch of mathematics concerned with the differentiation and integration of vector fields, primarily in three-dimensional Euclidean space, . [1] The term vector calculus is sometimes used as a synonym for the broader subject of multivariable calculus, which spans vector calculus as well as partial differentiation and multiple integration.
Therefore, y′ = re rx, y″ = r 2 e rx, and y (n) = r n e rx are all multiples. This suggests that certain values of r will allow multiples of e rx to sum to zero, thus solving the homogeneous differential equation. [5] In order to solve for r, one can substitute y = e rx and its derivatives into the differential equation to get
Calculus is the mathematical study of continuous change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape, and algebra is the study of generalizations of arithmetic operations. Originally called infinitesimal calculus or "the calculus of infinitesimals ", it has two major branches, differential calculus and integral calculus .
The next step is to multiply the above value by the step size , which we take equal to one here: h ⋅ f ( y 0 ) = 1 ⋅ 1 = 1. {\displaystyle h\cdot f(y_{0})=1\cdot 1=1.} Since the step size is the change in t {\displaystyle t} , when we multiply the step size and the slope of the tangent, we get a change in y {\displaystyle y} value.
The fundamental theorem of calculus is a theorem that links the concept of differentiating a function (calculating its slopes, or rate of change at each point in time) with the concept of integrating a function (calculating the area under its graph, or the cumulative effect of small contributions). Roughly speaking, the two operations can be ...
Ernst Hairer and Gerhard Wanner, Solving ordinary differential equations II: Stiff and differential-algebraic problems, second edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1996. ISBN 3-540-60452-9. (This two-volume monograph systematically covers all aspects of the field.) Hochbruck, Marlis; Ostermann, Alexander (May 2010). "Exponential integrators".
The scheme is always numerically stable and convergent but usually more numerically intensive than the explicit method as it requires solving a system of numerical equations on each time step. The errors are linear over the time step and quadratic over the space step: Δ u = O ( k ) + O ( h 2 ) . {\displaystyle \Delta u=O(k)+O(h^{2}).}