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UML class diagram of a Graph (abstract data type) The basic operations provided by a graph data structure G usually include: [1] adjacent(G, x, y): tests whether there is an edge from the vertex x to the vertex y; neighbors(G, x): lists all vertices y such that there is an edge from the vertex x to the vertex y;
The formula was first discovered by Carl Wilhelm Borchardt in 1860, and proved via a determinant. [2] In a short 1889 note, Cayley extended the formula in several directions, by taking into account the degrees of the vertices. [3] Although he referred to Borchardt's original paper, the name "Cayley's formula" became standard in the field.
A property graph, labeled property graph, or attributed graph is a data model of various graph-oriented databases, [1] where pairs of entities are associated by directed relationships, and entities and relationships can have properties. In graph theory terms, a property graph is a directed multigraph, whose vertices represent entities and arcs ...
A graph with three vertices and three edges. A graph (sometimes called an undirected graph to distinguish it from a directed graph, or a simple graph to distinguish it from a multigraph) [4] [5] is a pair G = (V, E), where V is a set whose elements are called vertices (singular: vertex), and E is a set of unordered pairs {,} of vertices, whose elements are called edges (sometimes links or lines).
From the handshaking lemma, a k-regular graph with odd k has an even number of vertices. A theorem by Nash-Williams says that every k ‑regular graph on 2k + 1 vertices has a Hamiltonian cycle. Let A be the adjacency matrix of a graph. Then the graph is regular if and only if = (, …,) is an eigenvector of A. [2]
The web graph W 4,2 is a cube. The web graph W n,r is a graph consisting of r concentric copies of the cycle graph C n, with corresponding vertices connected by "spokes". Thus W n,1 is the same graph as C n, and W n,2 is a prism. A web graph has also been defined as a prism graph Y n+1, 3, with the edges of the outer cycle removed. [7] [10]
A directed graph is weakly connected (or just connected [9]) if the undirected underlying graph obtained by replacing all directed edges of the graph with undirected edges is a connected graph. A directed graph is strongly connected or strong if it contains a directed path from x to y (and from y to x) for every pair of vertices (x, y).
An example graph, with 6 vertices, diameter 3, connectivity 1, and algebraic connectivity 0.722 The algebraic connectivity (also known as Fiedler value or Fiedler eigenvalue after Miroslav Fiedler) of a graph G is the second-smallest eigenvalue (counting multiple eigenvalues separately) of the Laplacian matrix of G. [1]